Paul J. Johnson
Insect Research Collection, South Dakota State University,
Brookings, SD
Orchid growers are reputed to pamper their plants excessively. However,
over-watering and over-fertilizing are two symptoms of a "mothering" of
plants that can be deadly. Most natural species orchids are adapted to
harsh and low nutrient conditions, with roots in well drained media, if
covered at all. Given this the use of potting media is used not for
nutrition as with most plants but to help provide moisture in the artificial
environments of the home, office, or greenhouse, as well as temporary
support while roots are growing. Media breakdown through time is
related to watering and fertilizing, and is a significant problem for the
majority of cultivated orchids. The more decayed the media then the less
breathable it is for the orchid's roots. Interestingly, there is an insect that
can be used as an indicator of poor orchid care, even though they are
commonly considered pests. Probably all orchid growers have at least
some of this insect in their plant collection, namely, fungus gnats. Fortunately, for orchid growers, these
little flies are usually mere nuisances, only.
Biology
The common fungus gnats in the hobby orchid collection are small (ca. 1.5-3.0 mm), long-legged, longantennaed,
delicate flies with dark bodies and one pair of dusky-grey to black wings. Insect taxonomists
place these small flies into the family Sciaridae (pronounced: "sy-are-ee-day"), with the common name
"dark-winged fungus gnats." This taxonomy helps discriminates them from a wide diversity of related gnats
that feed on fungi. [Gnats are simply small flies, most of which do not bite!] As with most other insects
with four life stages (i.e., egg, larva, pupa, adult), it is the larva or maggot that does most of the feeding.
Adult fungus gnats do not bite and are absolutely harmless to people and pets. Fungus gnats are widespread
and very common insects.
Adult dark-winged
fungus gnats fly in
search of fungi. The
females lay their tiny
white eggs in moist
to wet soil. When
the eggs hatch, the
slender translucentwhite
maggot with a
distinctive shiny
black head feeds on
fungal growths and
measures about 4-5
mm in length when
mature. After about
2 weeks, depending
on temperature and
moisture, the maggot
transforms into the
pupal stage, then
emerges a few days later as an adult fly. The entire life cycle takes about a month.
As the name indicates these flies are associated with fungi. But, why are they so common around potted
plants? Well, it is not because they are feeding on your plants, usually! They are common because their
larvae are feeding on the fungi growing in potting media that is too moist or wet, is warm, and in media that
is decaying quickly. In other words, it is the over-watering and over-fertilizing of your plants that brings
out the best in these cute little flies. Fungus gnats are more abundant in older and moister potting media
that is rich with fungi. Organic potting materials will decay faster with higher levels of fertilizers because
nitrogen also feeds the fungi and other decay organisms.
Usually, the maggot feeds only on fungal growths. However, larvae will also feed on seedlings, dying and
rotting tissues such as roots, and will rapidly devour a leaf resting on the surface of moist potting media.
Feeding on roots of seedling orchids has been observed, possibly due to a combination of sterilized media,
high moisture, stressed plants, and lack of fungi for the maggots.
Detection
Adult fungus gnats are usually the first life stage to
be seen of these insects. The adults are active on
the surface of the potting media, often running
along the edge of the pot. They fly readily and are
often found at windows. Yellow sticky cards, the
kind used for whiteflies and aphids, are excellent
for monitoring adult fungus gnats.
Check for larvae by watching for declining plants,
then or otherwise unpotting the plant and
examining the media for white to translucent,
slender bodied, black headed maggots. These will
usually be clustered around decaying roots and rhizomes, and fungusy clumps of media.
Management and Control
Fortunately, fungus gnats are usually easily managed and can be kept in check in most orchid collections.
Yellow sticky cards sold for monitoring and control of aphids and whiteflies are excellent for trapping
fungus gnats. These cards are so effective when there are only a few flies that there is no need to use any
insecticide on these flies. However, often female gnats will fly little so sometimes it is useful to cut strips of
the cards and insert these strips into a pot to capture more of the females. Larvae are easily controlled by
adjusting watering and ensuring that your orchid media is not overly decomposed and is draining well. This
may require frequent repotting if you use a heavy watering regime.
The following points will help control fungus gnats:
1. Repot your plants on a regular basis and use mixes containing materials such as charcoal and coconut
(fibre or chunks) that are slow to decay, or inorganic components such as perlite;
2. Do not keep the media constantly wet and if possible allow the media to dry between waterings,
especially the upper inch or so of media; and
3. Keep fertilizer to the minimum needed for the plant and adjusted to the potting media used.
Should these cultural methods not be effective or the collection be large, then alternative treatments may be
warranted. However, the use of insecticidal drenches for controlling the maggots is not recommended,
except as an absolutely last resort. Severe infestations of large collections may be best treated with
biological control methods. The use of bacteria, nematodes, and predatory mites is highly effective in
greenhouses and may work in large collections.
Bacterial treatment is most effective against the young larvae early in the cropping cycle and uses Bacillus
thuringiensis israelensis is sold under the trade name of Gnatrol™ for greenhouse use. This type of B.t.
affects only true flies (Order: Diptera) and is different from the B.t. used for caterpillars in the garden. The
B.t. causes paralysis of the maggots gut, stopping feeding and killing the maggot. Gnatrol™ is applied as a
soil drench to thoroughly wet the soil of pots, flats, beneath benches, or other sites of infestation. It is only
effective for about 48 hours so 2-3 applications may be needed with heavy infestations. Use of Gnatrol™ is
not recommended with simultaneous use of fertilizers or fungicides containing copper or chlorine. It will
not affect the adult fungus gnats.
Parasitic nematodes are also useful for controlling fungus gnats. They enter the insect's body and multiply
inside the host insect. While feeding they release a bacterium that is toxic to the host. The nematodes
complete their life cycle within a few days so large numbers of infective stage nematodes are produced that
will continue to search for new hosts. These beneficial nematodes can be applied as a drench to the growing
media and to soil under the benches. Two common species available for greenhouse use are Steinernema
carpocapsae, sold as ScanMaskTM, and Steinernema feltiae, sold as NemasysTM.
Finally, a small predatory mite, Hypoaspsis miles also attacks fungus gnat larvae. These mites are usually
sprinkled over or mixed into the potting media before planting. This mite is long-lived, will usually persist
as a scavenger on dead insects while continuing to seek fungus gnat maggots, and will also feed on thrips
pupae and other pests.
Chemical control of fungus gnats is diverse, but always a temporary remedy. Adults may be eliminated
with any insecticide spray for flying insects, though this is decidedly a temporary fix and will not affect
those adults emerging after the spray has settled. Good control of fungus gnats requires removal of the
larvae, hence the high value of environmental management, i.e. adjusting water schedules and repotting.
Chemical control of larvae is best done with drenches of carbaryl, permethrin, imadichloprid, diazinon,
malathion, and other common pesticides, and even isopropyl alcohol. However, and again, these are only
temporary solutions as the flies will reinvade the pots once the chemical residue is degraded and the potting
media remains wet and decaying.
*Slightly modified from the December 2000 issue of the Newsletter of the South Dakota Orchid Society.
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